Tuesday, May 29, 2012

Last Night in the States (2012)

It's summertime and I'm leaving Ithaca, New York, in order to travel to Tours, France.  Sounds familiar?  Unlike last year, when I first began this blog in order to communicate with friends and family, I won't be separated from my beloved Ithaca for five long months, but only 10 long weeks.  I'm flying out of JFK airport tomorrow morning at 9:00 am, and arriving in Tel-Aviv Airport.  I will spend until June 18th in Tzfat with Rabbi Eli and a few other students, visiting historical sites in Israel, and participating in some Yeshiva-style learning.  I am extremely excited, and can't wait for the opportunity to really immerse myself in this for a few weeks.

Following this, I'm leaving for Tours, France, the hardest city in the world to search for on Google.  I will be spending eight weeks there making a regional study of the deportations of Jews in the 1940s (see my entry "Jews of Tourraine Proposal" for details).  If necessary, I may also travel to Paris, home of the Mémorial du Shoah, and its extensive archives.

I'm keeping this short so that I can get to bed tonight.  Expect more from me, soon.  Peace out, everyone: I love you all, whether you're French, Israeli, Malay, American, Chinese, Costa-Rican, Russian, Jamaican, or reject national labels.

~JD

"Slave labor virtually required single-crop farming that left the ground bare and vulnerable to erosion for much of the year.  Reliance on a single crop precluded both crop rotation and developing a stable source of manure... Once established, slavery made monoculture an economic necessity -- and vice-versa" (David Montgomery, Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations, p. 136).

Friday, May 18, 2012

Music I Think About

Nate Schorr caught me singing to myself the other day, and suggested that I write a follow-up post to my explanation of the books that I think about on a daily basis.  Also, this post can also be construed as part of my "Questions I Tire of Answering" series, as a response to the question "what music do you enjoy listening to."  I realize that I risk criticisms that I have to taste, but if I were worried about criticism, I wouldn't write a blog.

I've recently made it a project of mine to create a one-hour playlist that defines me as a person.  So the following list is the result.  The tracks must be listened to in the specified order.  The playlist is partly autobiographic, partly self-expressive, and partly just the music I enjoy.

1) One Love (Bob Marley and the Wailers)
2) Do It Again (The Kinks)
3) The 59th Street Bridge Song (Simon and Garfunkel)
4) Time of Your Song (Matisyahu)
5) Staring at the Sun (Offspring)
6) Hallelujah (Rufus Wainwright)
7) Puff the Magic Dragon [Live] (Peter, Paul, and Mary)
8) I Just Had Sex (Lonely Island)
9) Under the Bridge (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
10) Le Temps des Cathédrales (Bruno Pelletier)
11) Living on a Thin Line (The Kinks)
12) How Can I Keep from Singing (Bill Staines)
13)  The Sound of Silence (Simon and Garfunkel)
14) When the Ship Comes In [cover] (Arlo Guthrie)
15) River (Bill Staines)
16) Jerusalem  [No Place to Be version] (Matisyahu)

It's a playlist full of contradictions and juxtapositions.  Kind of like me.  We're both difficult to understand.
If anyone who has a Spotify account wants me to send this list to him or her, please just let me know.
Congratulations to all graduating seniors!
Shabbat Shalom!

~JD


 "Clues suggesting that Quasimodo is based on a historical figure have been uncovered in the memoirs of Henry Sibson, a 19th-century British sculptor who was employed at the cathedral at around the time the book was written and who describes a hunched back stonemason also working there" (Roya Nikkha, “Real-life Quasimodo uncovered in Tate archives.”  The Telegraph, 15 August 2010).

Sunday, May 13, 2012

Happy Mothers' Day!

Hello everyone!  I'd like to begin this post by making another brief apology, to those of you who didn't see my FB message: I had meant last week's blog post as nothing more than a cute and humorous diversion, and I sincerely meant nobody any harm; I caused some, and for that, I am sorry.

But to return to a happier topic, today is Mother's Day!  To all of the mothers who read this blog (as far as I know, just my Mom), your work is appreciated.  Little-known fact: one of the oldest known Egyptian inscriptions is an explanation of why you should respect your Mother for her unconditional love to you, as her child.  To paraphrase, I believe that the reasoning involved the fact that you made disgusting messes all over her when you were an infant, and yet she was not grossed out.  Whew.

Because it's Mother's Day, rather than hooking into my Spotify account as I normally do, I've just loaded an online audio version of "Eishet Chayil," (אשת חיל), literally meaning "A Woman of Valor," the traditional Jewish song celebrating women (actually drawn from Sefer Mishlei, the Book of Proverbs, which I am learning right now).  My Dad used to recite this in English for my Mom on some Friday nights.  I know that there is some criticism that the song is sexist, limiting women to a domestic role, but I realize that nearly the entire song applies to my own Mother!  This post, dedicated to her, is an explanation of why she is so awesome, using Eishet Chayil as a template.

"A Woman of Valor, who can find? She is more precious than pearls.
Her husband places his trust in her and profits only thereby."



She brings him good, not harm, all the days of her life."
I can find her!  At 309 Salem Drive she resides.  Yes, way more precious to me than any shiny object.  And, yes, my Dad totally trusts my Mom, and gets a lot out of it.  I know that I personally depend upon her a great deal, emotionally, and when I call her at least once a week, it's as much to cheer me up and to give me courage as to assure her that I'm not sick, injured, or in jail.  I doubt that there is any day in which she does not do something good for at least one member of my family.

"She seeks out wool and flax and cheerfully does the work of her hands."
My Mom is all over textiles!  Knitting, lacemaking, and embroidery in particular, but also spinning, weaving, quilting, sewing, and crocheting.  And it keeps her very cheerful: you should just see her when she finishes a pair of socks or a scarf.  She even studied indigenous weaving practices in a Mitla, a town in Mexico not far from Oaxaca.

"She is like the trading ships, bringing food from afar."


She keeps me well fed, and really enjoys the ethnic section in Wegmans.  I'm just saying, that we have some very diverse food in my house when she's cooking (i.e. always): Thai tofu curry, Moroccan stew, curried parsnip pie, Chinese tofu soup, felafel, New England corn chowder, cole slaw, Cuban beans and rice, almond-eggplant enchiladas... In other words, lots of food from around the world!

"She gets up while it is still night to provide food for her household, and a fair share for her staff."

My Mom wakes up at 5:15 am.  Legit.  If she's up at 7:00, she's up late.  And it's impossible to be hungry when I'm home: she makes super-certain that everyone gets enough helpings at dinner.  We don't really have a "staff," though.

"She considers a field and purchases it, and plants a vineyard with the fruit of her labors."
My Mom loves to garden!  She loves digging in the dirt, and even when we were abroad for six months in England, people thought otherwise when they saw her front garden, because it was so well-kept!  Flowers, herbs, she does everything!  Her enemies: deer, the entire corvidae family, dandelions, and honeysuckle.

"She invests herself with strength and makes her arms powerful."

My Mom used to scoop ice cream when she was my age, and her arms got really strong!  My Dad used to pick her up at Gifford's, in Silver Spring, Maryland, where she worked.  She told me that she used to have ice cream all the way up her arms from the heavy scooping-action!  And now that it's nice outside, she takes brisk walks in the morning in Sapsucker Woods, to keep herself fit!

"She senses that her trade is profitable; her light does not go out at night."
She was working really, really hard on her thesis, and then, on her dissertation!  She does go to bed at a reasonable hour each night, though!

"She stretches out her hands to the distaff and her palms hold the spindle."
What did I tell you about the textiles!  And have I ever shown you the pair of socks that she made me?  And if you ever see her wearing a sweater, it's probably one that she knitted herself.  She gives away many of the scarves and baby booties that she knits.

"She opens her hands to the poor and reaches out her hands to the needy."
My Mom is really generous.  I remember that the early morning of the day that the earthquake in Haiti occurred two years ago, the first thing she told me was that it had occurred, and the second thing, that she and my Dad had already sent aid money.  She is always making trips to the Salvation Army to give them the old clothing that my brothers and I have grown out of, and always donating books to the Friends of the Library booksale.

"She has no fear of the snow for her household, for all her household is dressed in fine clothing.
She makes her own bedspreads; her clothing is of fine linen and luxurious cloth."
We have very warm flannel sheets in  my house, and my Mom is always really scrupulous about bringing them out in the wintertime.  Did I mention that she does the laundry in my house?

"Her husband is known at the gates, where he sits with the elders of the land."
Yeah, my Dad is a Cornell professor.  That's about as close as you can get to be 'sitting with the elders of the land.'  He's not a judge, though, as the first part of this verse indicates (judges used to sit at the city gates).

"She makes and sells linens; she supplies the merchants with sashes."

I don't think that my Mom has ever sold her work, although she has taught others how to knit.  She might also still be president of the Finger Lakes Lace Guild Society.  I can't remember.

"She is robed in strength and dignity, and she smiles at the future.
She opens her mouth with wisdom and a lesson of kindness is on her tongue."
My Mom is very optimistic, and, unlike her youngest son, capable of seeing the consequences of her actions.  She never speaks stupidly, or in any way that makes me ashamed, and knows how to be kind much better than many other people I know.

"She looks after the conduct of her household and never tastes the bread of laziness."
My Mom keeps my house running, emotionally and physically.  She works super-hard all the time.  When she was writing her dissertation, she would just submerge herself in her work for hours at a time, yet always made dinner.  Always.

"Her children rise up and make her happy; her husband praises her:'
Many women have excelled, but you excel them all!'"
I think that's what's happening right now.  Happy Mothers' Day, Mom!

"Grace is elusive and beauty is vain, but a woman who fears God -- she shall be praised.
Give her credit for the fruit of her labors, and let her achievements praise her at the gates."
Yes, yes, and yes!  OK, I know that I would never have had a Bar Mitzvah if it hadn't been for my Mom.  The fruits of her labors are many, and include, but are not limited to: warm socks, the best tzimmus ever, and scholarly articles on Elizabethan dress that make the front page of the top costume history journals and are translated into foreign languages.  I'm giving her credit, and I hope that others do, too.

OK, that's the end of the poem.  Now, I'm going to hit "publish," call her up, and try to sing as much of it to her in Hebrew as I can.

~JD

“The 1830 revolution was the product of the coincidence of a political conflict between the fast growing liberal majority in parliament and the ultraroyalist Polignac government on the one hand, and an economic crisis, which made Paris volatile and disturbed the provinces on the other" (Pamela Pilbeam, The 1830 Revolution in France, p. 37).

Friday, May 4, 2012

Thesis Template

I'm happy to say that I submitted over thirty pages of writing Wednesday afternoon.  This was preceded, on Tuesday, by writing over 5,000 words in under 24 hours, a feat which I have never before accomplished, and hope never again to be in the position to accomplish.  The document in question was the template for my senior honors history thesis (yes, I am a history major.  I think that that's even in the subtitle of my blog).  The tentative title is "Provisioning and Rationing in France in World War II."  I will be investigating the system of rationing which the Vichy regime put in place in September, 1940; specifically, I will try to ascertain how effective it was at distributing food equitably, and what the social effects of the system were.  It will be a social history, with a great deal of economic background, and I've divided it into four major sections.

In part one, I'll be looking at the macroeconomics of French agriculture and trade leading up to the war in the 1930s, and through the ravages of German occupation and requisitions associated with the war.  In the 1930s, France had some of the most modern farming techniques in the world, as well as the most agriculturally-productive region in all of Europe, the Departement du Nord.  The trade policy of the French Third Republic was liberal and outward-looking, and although France protected its native farmers with a certain level of trade barriers, it was very successful at keeping its citizens fed an prosperous through capitalism, thanks to its high-quality produce.  To cite just one statistic, in the international cheese trade, the French exported more than they imported, as measured by value, but imported more than they imported, as measured by mass.  When the Nazis swept in, they occupied two-thirds of France's arable land and 97% of its fisheries, and demanded vast amounts of food (especially wine) and labor from their victims (the Nazi war machine ran on the resources it looted from other countries).  By 1944, French agricultural production had dropped by one-third, its international channels of trade had dried up, and it was feeding an occupying army, its own army, and then some.

Part two will address the government response to the food crisis caused by the war.  Although it was the Third Republic which began measures to control consumption, it was the Vichy government which began the rationing system.  However, it only provided individuals rations equal to about half of their caloric and nutritional necessities (between 1250 and 1300 kilocalories per day, for a typical adult).  The government essentially subsidized half of one's diet; whereas one franc could buy about 216 kilocalories of rationed food, it could only purchase 45 kilocalories of unrationed food, even if intelligently spent.  This resulted in what historian has called a "reverse Robin Hood effect," in which the rationing system benefited the rich more than it did the poor.  I plan to investigate to what extent government interaction through its newly-established command economy (of which the rationing system was only an aspect) helped or hindered consumers in their quests to feed themselves.

The main topic of part three is the marginal food transactions of French society: familial packages of food sent from the countryside to the city, factory canteens, legal unrationed food, and, of course the black market.  The Resistance valorized participation in the black market as a patriotic means of preventing the German invaders from controlling the food supply, but the Germans themselves appear to have had agents acquiring food for them on the black market.  What explains these dynamics, and, of course, cui bono?

In part four, I will finally be able to speak about my favorite topic: social history.  The rationing system divided French society into eight main categories based on age and profession, and also included various special statuses (for pregnant and nursing mothers, members of families with five or more children, etc.).  Did these result at all in resentment and conflict?  Or did rationing and dearth bring together disparate parts of French society?  Food shortages created rising death rates; on average, the mortality rate in France more than doubled, but in Paris, it more than tripled.  Yet in some rural regions, where people had direct access to food, without the need for any middlemen, mortality rates actually fell; what were the social consequences of this.  According to one historian, during the war, "a great deal of time and ingenuity was required to find even insipid, poorly-nourishing produce such as rutabagas or cabbages, as well as basic necessities such as cloth, soap, washing powder, coal, petrol, string, or bicycle parts."  How did ordinary people overcome the obstacles, or, if necessary, overcome their lack of access to these resources?

There it is!  I hope that it will be amazing!  Special thanks, by the way, to Sam Moss for letting me visit him when the CJL lost power last night, to Marissa Angell for giving me tea and a blanket, to Ilan Rasooly for giving me one of the CJL movie tickets, and to Michael Zwillenberg for driving me (along with everyone else in the car).  Happy Slope Day, and please be safe!

~JD

"Considered the beef of the poor, horsemeat was sold at horsemeat butchers’ shops which multiplied in Paris and its proximity," (Alain Drouard, "Horsemeat in France: A Food Item that Appeared during the War of 1870 and Disappeared after the Second World War," p. 233).